Directions: You are going to read a passage with 10 statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Women in the Labor Force A) Women are considered labor force participants only if they work outside the home. In the past women were expected to be in the labor force only until they married; this reflected the historical, idealized notion of a society in which the man was the breadwinner and the woman the homemaker. This notion of the family was not a reality in the past and is not so today, since more than half of all married women work outside the home. But the idea that women belong in the home has had a significant effect on the conditions under which they participate in the labor force. That participation is characterized by segregation and low pay. B) The majority of women in the labor force have always been isolated in “female” occupations, called such because they are often extensions of the work women do at home and because the vast majority of the people doing them are women. Some occupations have changed over time and new ones have come into existence, but various occupations are still defined as women’s work. Today women have one unpaid job in the home and one low-paid job in the labor force. Women have always been responsible for work in the home and in the labor force they have always been paid lower wages than men. They have been paid less both when their jobs are not the same as those of men but could be seen as equally valuable and when the work is exactly the same. Women earned 52.8 percent of what men earned in 1911, 58 percent in 1971 and 66 percent in 1996. C) At the end of the 19th century, factories replaced families as main productive units. Factory work involved long hours, low wages and often brutal working conditions. For example, young girls worked for 60 hours a week for 80 cents, or less than two cents per hour. In 1901 women comprised 13 percent of the total labor force and the female labor-force participation rate was 14 percent (this refers to women who worked for pay; many women worked but were not paid). D) The majority of women were employed as servants, dressmakers, teachers, seamstresses (女裁缝师), tailors, housekeepers, launderers, milliners (女帽商) and saleswomen. During the first half of the 20th century, the number of jobs available to women was limited and strong sentiment existed against married women working outside the home. Men feared that the cheap labor of large numbers of women would undercut their wages; employers and moral reformers were concerned that work would impair the femininity and high moral standards of women and distract them from their true calling as wives and mothers. E) During World War I, women replaced men who had joined the armed services, but the labor shortage was not severe enough to warrant their large-scale employment. Although women did men’s jobs, they did not receive men’s wages. By 1921, 65 percent of all women workers were in clerical, domestic service and professional (mainly teaching and nursing) occupations. F) In the early part of the 20th century, women’s fight for equality focused on political rights and was characterized by the suffrage (选举权) movement. The right to the federal vote was finally won in 1918, and by 1922 women had won the right to vote in all provinces except Quebec, where the struggle continued until 1940. In 1929 women were recognized as “persons” eligible to hold a seat in the Canadian Senate. G) The expansionary period of the 1920s was cut short by the Great Depression, but production and employment expanded enormously with World War II and once again employers hired single and then married women to do men’s jobs, once again for lower wages. This time, however, many stayed and found employment in the service industries. H) Greater numbers of women entering the labor force presented male-dominated trade unions with a dilemma. Trade unionists feared the competition from “unskilled” female labor and were concerned as well with maintaining the traditional role of women. Simultaneously, they were interested in protecting all workers, including women. Women workers, however, with or without the support of the trade-union movement, have traditionally fought for higher wages and better working conditions. I) The 1950s was a time of rapid economic expansion. Changes in the productive process, emphasis by government and private industry on construction and on research and development, expansion in health, welfare and educational services, and the need to advertise, sell and finance new products all created new jobs for women. J) By mid-20th century many families,

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