What are the characteristics of Syringaresinol

Syringaresinol is a naturally occurring lignan with a variety of biological activities and chemical properties. Here are some of its key characteristics:

1. Chemical Structure: Syringaresinol is a 7,9':7',9-diepoxylignane with hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 4' and methoxy groups at positions 3, 3', 5, and 5' respectively. This structure classifies it as a lignan, a type of polyphenol, and an aromatic ether1.

2. Biological Activities: It has been found to promote the repair of spinal cord injury in rats by overexpressing UBE4B, increasing AKT phosphorylation, and reducing neuronal apoptosis2. Additionally, it has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which are being studied for their potential therapeutic effects in diseases like diabetic nephropathy45.

3. Dietary Importance: Syringaresinol, along with pinoresinol, is considered a biologically important dietary furofuran lignan. It is formed from two units of sinapyl alcohol and has been found in different plant species, with varying degrees of enantiomeric purity3.

4. Pharmacological Effects: Syringaresinol has demonstrated the ability to reduce memory impairment in mice, likely due to its effects on cholinergic pathways, and to lower neuroinflammation3. It has also been shown to decrease proliferation and induce apoptosis in certain breast tumor cells while acting as an antioxidant in normal human mammary epithelial cells3.

5. Inflammation and Vasorelaxation: The compound has been reported to inhibit carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice and reduce inflammatory markers3. Furthermore, it induces vasorelaxation by enhancing nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cells through distinct mechanisms7.

6. Renewable Compound: Syringaresinol can be prepared from a renewable bisepoxide, SYR-EPO, derived from sinapic acid, highlighting its potential as a sustainable compound in various applications6.

7. Interaction with Receptors: Syringaresinol has been found to function as an antagonist for both wild and mutated androgen receptors (ARs), suggesting a role in conditions related to AR activity8.

These characteristics highlight syringaresinol as a multifaceted compound with potential applications in medicine and health due to its diverse biological activities and interactions with important cellular pathways.

What are the different plant species that contain Syringaresinol?

Syringaresinol is a lignan that can be found in various plant species. It is derived from sinapic acid and is known to have different degrees of enantiomeric purity depending on the plant species involved.13 For instance, it is mentioned that syringaresinol is found in different species, and its formation could result from the coupling of sinapyl alcohol or from the modification of preformed pinoresinol.3 Additionally, syringaresinol can be extracted from the Dragon's Blood of Dracaena cambodiana, which highlights its presence in this specific plant species.10 Furthermore, the study in reference 30 reports the isolation and characterization of (+)-syringaresinol from Rubia philippinensis, indicating another plant source of this compound.

How does Syringaresinol affect memory impairment in mice?

Syringaresinol has been studied for its potential effects on memory impairment in mice. In a study mentioned in the references, pinoresinol, which is related to syringaresinol, reduced memory impairment due to cholinergic blockade in mice.3 This suggests that syringaresinol, given its structural similarity and common metabolic pathways, might have similar effects on memory impairment. Additionally, the aglycone of SYG (syringingoside), which is syringaresinol, has been reported to display neuromodulating effects on presynaptic transmitter release.11 This indicates that syringaresinol could potentially influence memory impairment by modulating neurotransmitter release, although direct evidence for syringaresinol's effect on memory impairment in mice is not explicitly provided in the references.

What is the role of Syringaresinol in reducing neuroinflammation?

Syringaresinol has been reported to play a role in reducing neuroinflammation. In one study, pinoresinol, which is closely related to syringaresinol, was found to lower neuroinflammation in addition to reducing memory impairment in mice.3 This suggests that syringaresinol, due to its similar chemical properties and biological activities, might also contribute to the reduction of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity of syringaresinol itself has been noted,10 which implies that it could potentially exert neuroprotective effects by mitigating neuroinflammatory processes.

How does Syringaresinol inhibit inflammatory markers in mice?

Syringaresinol has been shown to inhibit inflammatory markers in mice. Specifically, it has been reported to inhibit carrageenan-induced paw edema and reduce inflammatory markers.3 This indicates that syringaresinol possesses anti-inflammatory properties that can potentially modulate the immune response and decrease inflammation in mice. Additionally, the study in reference 31 demonstrated that SYR pretreatment significantly reduced lung tissue histological damage and inhibited the production of proinflammatory cytokines, further supporting its role in inhibiting inflammatory markers.

What are the vasorelaxation effects of Syringaresinol on endothelial cells?

Syringaresinol has been found to induce vasorelaxation, which is the relaxation of blood vessels, leading to improved blood flow. This effect is particularly significant in endothelial cells, which are crucial for vascular health. According to the references, syringaresinol enhances nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cells via two distinct mechanisms: the phosphorylation and dimerization of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-dependent pathway.732333435 This increase in NO production leads to vasorelaxation, which can have beneficial effects on vascular function and overall cardiovascular health. Additionally, the study in reference 38 investigated the pharmacological effect of syringaresinol on vascular relaxation and eNOS-mediated NO production, further supporting its role in vasorelaxation.