人格障碍的发病率是多少？

精神病态是一种严重的人格障碍，其与暴力犯罪存在紧密联系。精神病态患者的眶额皮层、杏仁核可能存在功能缺陷，这可能导致其负性情绪加工和恐惧条件反射存在问题。精神病态患者的外周神经系统唤醒水平低，这可能导致厌恶学习能力降低。这些神经生理特征可能是精神病态患者发生暴力攻击和犯罪的高风险因素。精神病态罪犯的犯罪起始年龄早，犯罪程度高而且再犯率高，工具性攻击较多，犯罪行为的虐待性程度高。对于精神病态罪犯的干预需要结合神经生理、心理和社会各方面的因素综合开展。在法庭审判过程中，法官需要谨慎地解读精神病态患者的脑成像证据并给予客观公正的对待。 As a severe personality disorder, psychopathy is related with violent crime. The orbital frontal cortex and amygdala dysfunction in psychopaths may result into their problems of processing of negative emotion and fear conditioning. The low arousal level may lead to the deficit of aversive learning in psychopaths. The above-mentioned characteristics may be the high risk factors of vi-olence and crime of the psychopaths. The age onset of crime in psychopaths is early in life, the se-verity of the crime and recidivism is high in individual with psychopath, and the instrumental ag-gression and the severity of cruelty of crime are high in psychopaths. The intervention of psycho-pathy needs to integrate the neural biological, psychological and social factors. In the court, the judge needs to analyze the psychopaths’ (f)MRI evidence carefully and treat it in an objective way.

Preface Acknowledgments I. OVERVIEW AND FOUNDATIONS 1. Conceptualizing the Role of Stressors in the Development of Psychopathology - Kathryn E. Grant and Susan D. McMahon 2. Vulnerability-Stress Models - Rick E. Ingram and David D. Luxton II. VULNERABILITIES 3. The Role of Emotion Regulation in the Development of Psychopathology - Tara M. Chaplin and Pamela M. Cole 4. Biological Vulnerabilities to the Development of Psychopathology - Robert O. Pihl and Amelie Nantel-Vivier 5. Cognitive Vulnerability-Stress Models of Psychopathology: A Developmental Perspective - Brandon E. Gibb and Meredith E. Coles 6. Interpersonal Factors As Vulnerability to Psychopathology Over the Life Course - Kimberly Van Orden, LaRicka R. Wingate, Kathryn H. Gordon, and Thomas E. Joiner 7. Genetic Vulnerabilities to the Development of Psychopathology - Kathryn S. Lemery and Lisa Doelger 8. Interpreting Personality As a Vulnerability for Psychopathology: A Developmental Approach to the Personality-Psychopathology Relationship - Jennifer L. Tackett and Robert F. Krueger 9. Attachment As Vulnerability to the Development of Psychopathology - Joanne Davila, Melissa Ramsay, Catherine B. Stroud, and Sara J. Steinberg III. DISORDERS 10. Depression From Childhood Through Adolescence and Adulthood: A Developmental Vulnerability and Stress Perspective - Benjamin L. Hankin and John R. Z. Abela 11. Anxiety Disorders: A Developmental Vulnerability-Stress Perspective - Nathan L. Williams, John M. Reardon, Kathleen T. Murray, and Tara M. Cole 12. A Developmental Vulnerability-Stress Model of Eating Disorders: A Cognitive Approach - Myra Cooper 13. The Development of Substance Abuse in Adolescence: Correlates, Causes, and Consequences - Jon D. Kassel, Sally Weinstein, Steven A. Skitch, Jennifer Veilleux, and Robin Mermelstein 14. Development of Behavioral Problems Over The Life Course: A Vulnerability and Stress Perspective - Benjamin L. Hankin, John R. Z. Abela, Randy P. Auerbach, Chad M. McWhinnie, and Steven A. Skitch 15. The Developmental Psychopathology of Personality Disorders - Jeffrey G. Johnson, Pamela G. McGeoch, Vanessa P. Caskey, Sotoodeh G. Abhary, Joel R. Sneed, and Robert F. Bornstein Author Index Subject Index About the Editors About the Contributors

The term ‘Borderline Personality Disorder’ (BPD) refers to a psychiatric syndrome that is characterized by emotion dysregulation, impulsivity, risk-taking behavior, irritability, feelings of emptiness, self-injury and fear of abandonment, as well as unstable interpersonal relationships. BPD is not only common in psychiatric populations but also more prevalent in the general community than previously thought, and thus represents an important public health issue. In contrast to most psychiatric disorders, some symptoms associated with BPD may improve over time, even without therapy, though impaired social functioning and interpersonal disturbances in close relationships often persist. Another counterintuitive and insufficiently resolved question is why depressive symptoms and risk-taking behaviors can occur simultaneously in the same individual. Moreover, there is an ongoing debate about the nosological position of BPD, which impacts on research regarding sex differences in clinical presentation and patterns of comorbidity. In this review, it is argued that many features of BPD may be conceptualized within an evolutionary framework, namely behavioral ecology. According to Life History Theory, BPD reflects a pathological extreme or distortion of a behavioral ‘strategy’ which unconsciously aims at immediate exploitation of resources, both interpersonal and material, based on predictions shaped by early developmental experiences. Such a view is consistent with standard medical conceptualizations of BPD, but goes beyond classic ‘deficit’-oriented models, which may have profound implications for therapeutic approaches.