Arrange the following Frankish rulers by the order of their death: ① Clovis ② Charles Martel ③ Pippin III ④ Charlemagne

The Frankish rulers can be arranged by the order of their death as follows:

1. Clovis: Clovis, the first king of the Franks, came to power in 481 following the death of his father Childeric. He is known for establishing the Frankish hegemony and securing the prominence of the Franks in the post-Roman West. He died around 511, although the exact date is not provided in the references.145

2. Charles Martel: Charles Martel, also known as "The Hammer," was a Frankish military leader and de facto ruler of Francia from 718 until his death in 741. He is known for his military successes, including the Battle of Tours, which halted the Muslim advance into Western Europe.7 His death occurred before the other rulers listed, making him the second in the order.

3. Pippin III: Pippin III, also known as Pippin the Short, was the King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768. He was the father of Charlemagne and played a significant role in the expansion of the Frankish kingdom.7 His death followed that of Charles Martel.

4. Charlemagne: Charlemagne, also known as Charles the Great, was the King of the Franks and later the first Holy Roman Emperor. He ruled from 768 until his death in 814. Charlemagne's reign saw the expansion of the Frankish Empire to become the most powerful political entity in Europe at the time.6 He was the last of the rulers listed to die.

In summary, the order of their deaths is Clovis, Charles Martel, Pippin III, and Charlemagne.