记忆术

目标记忆重激活(Targeted memory reactivation, TMR)是一种研究记忆巩固的重要方法，通过进行记忆线索的提示诱导促进记忆的巩固。通常，发生在慢波睡眠阶段的提示可促进程序性和陈述性记忆巩固。而在清醒和快速眼动睡眠阶段进行提示对记忆巩固的效果尚无统一认识。在神经机制方面，TMR和睡眠参数有关并伴随着记忆相关脑区的激活，如海马、丘脑、前额叶皮层。TMR使用的线索材料通常为嗅觉刺激或听觉刺激，这些线索刺激呈现的时机、时长以及与目标材料之间的关系会对TMR产生影响。未来研究可以从澄清睡眠促进记忆巩固的神经机制，开发更具可操作性的TMR新技术着手，帮助大众提高学习能力、创造力和问题解决能力。 Targeted memory reactivation is a fairly important technique that has the potential to influence the course of memory formation through application of cues during imperceptible states. In gen-eral, cueing memory at the slow-wave-sleep stage can promote the consolidation of procedural and declarative memory. However, the effect of cueing memory during wake and the rapid eye move sleep has no unified. Studies have shown that TMR is associated with sleep parameters and accompanied by activation of memory related brain areas, such as Hippocampus, thalamus and the prefrontal cortex. Olfactory stimulus and auditory stimulus are adapted to TMR, which is influenced by the way the stimulus represent and the relationship of cuing materials and memory. The goal of the future study is to clear the neural mechanism of TMR and to explore safer and more effective ways of adjusting memory representations to better suit individual needs, as well as its potential applications in improving the abilities of study, creativity and problem solving.

发展性计算障碍是一种特殊的学习障碍。近年来发展性计算障碍引起学者们的极大关注。工作记忆与数学能力相关，并且对数学成就具有很强的预测作用。研究表明工作记忆缺陷可能是发展性计算障碍的原因之一，但是发展性计算障碍与工作记忆具体功能模块的关系不明朗。综述从视空间工作记忆、言语工作记忆、执行功能三个方面对前人的研究进行梳理，指出未来应从被试的选取，工作记忆任务的种类和数量等方面进行改进，进一步明确发展性计算障碍的工作记忆具体模块缺陷。 Developmental dyscalculia is a specific learning disability. In recent years, research on develop-mental dyscalculia has attracted attention from more and more researchers. Working memory is broadly related to mathematics skills, and it has a strong predicted effect on mathematics achieve- ment. A lot of studies indicate that working memory impairment is one of the causes of develop-mental dyscalculia. But it is difficult to draw any firm conclusions regarding what aspect of working memory is impaired. The article reviews the study on working memory of developmental dys-calculia based on three aspects: visual-spatial working memory, verbal working memory and ex-ecutive function. We point out that further researchers should improve from the selection of sub-jects, the type and quantity of working memory task in order to know what aspect of working memory is impaired.