巴利亚多利德的圣贝尼托教堂的坛木雕(1562~1532

麦哲伦的环球航行为西方带来了世界的眼光。在这个航海大发现的时代里。制图术的发展以及越来越精确的海图为西方人书写他们的世界观提供了最直接的图式。其中“墨卡托投影法”由于其能够更清晰、直接地表示航线而得到广泛接受。而问题恰恰在于“广泛接受”。当这种制图法绘制的世界地图伴随着西方推动的现代化而被推广为一种世界范围的“共识”之后．选择怎样的制图方法就不仅仅是个技术问题了。不同的世界地图暗示着我们愿意接受一个怎样视角下的世界，或者说．一种新的制图方法能否带来一个不同的世界观？此次沙迦双年展背后隐藏的恰恰是这样一个问题。而更值得注意的是，此次展览对这个问题究竟给出了怎样的答案。沙迦双年展所呈现的中东当代艺术（或者说“关于中东的当代艺术”）究竟是一种新的制图方法还是如其标题所说的仅仅是现代景观的中东“重现”？

巴洛克艺术产生于欧洲文艺复兴运动之后,集中体现在教堂建筑和城市景观的设计中,由于它打破均衡和非理性的特征,被人们称为＂畸形的珍珠＂。但巴洛克不仅赋予空间装饰性,又具有灵活的解决空间问题的手法：它运用动态的空间元素、光影、几何学和透视法使建筑获得动势;它以夸张或炫丽的装饰为建筑增添戏剧性的色彩;它以综合性的手法融合多种艺术形式,并和建筑有机地结合成一整体。对巴洛克艺术的探索,使这种古典艺术在当今的文化、技术条件下重获活力,并成为当代设计者进行多元化建筑创作的灵感来源。

Preface.Acknowledgments.1. Prehistory to Early Civilizations.Prehistoric Interiors.Archeological Evidence.The First Shelters.Dolmens and Barrows.Evidence from Tribal Cultures.Pattern and Design.The First Permanent Settlements.Mesopotamia: Sumeria.Ancient Egypt.Geometry and Proportion.Egyptian Temples and Houses.Egyptian Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings.Pre-Columbian America.2. Classical Civilizations: Greece and Rome.Minoan and Mycenaean Cultures.Knossos.Mycenae and Tiryns.Greece.The Temple.Secular Interiors.INSIGHTS: THE GROWTH OF ATHENS.Rome.Arches, Vaults, and Domes.Amphitheaters and Baths.Temples.Secular Buildings.INSIGHTS: THE COST OF LIVING IN ANCIENT ROME.Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings.The Legacy of Rome: Technology.3. Early Christian, Byzantine, and Romanesque.Early Christian Design.Byzantine Design.INSIGHTS: THE RAVENNA MOSAICS.Ravenna.Constantinople.Hagia Sophia.Secular Buildings.Early Medieval: The "Dark Ages".The Romanesque Style.Churches.Germany.Italy.France.England.Scandinavia.Fortresses and Castles.Monasteries and Abbeys.INSIGHTS: THE ABBEY AT CLUNY.Houses.Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings.Islamic Influence in Spain.The Mosque in Spain.Moorish Elements in Spanish Romanesque.4. Islamic and Asian Traditions.Islamic Influence.Mosques and Palaces.Islamic Influence in Spain.The Mosque in Spain.Islamic Furnishings.India and Pakistan.Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain Architecture.Hindu Religious and Secular Buildings.Jain Architecture.Northern and Southern Styles of Temple.Islamic Influence in India.INSIGHTS: BERNIER'S ACCOUNT OF THE TAJ MAHAL.Indian Furnishings.Western Influence.Cambodia.Java.Thailand.China.Chinese Architecture.Chinese Furnishings.Korea.Japan. Japanese Furnishings.5. The Later Middle Ages.Elements of Gothic Style.New Construction Techniques.Gothic Cathedrals and Churches.France.England.Elsewhere in Europe.Secular Gothic Buildings.INSIGHTS: CONSTRUCTION WORK IN A MEDIEVAL BUILDING.Castles and Palaces.Medieval Houses.Innovations in Domestic Comfort.6. The Renaissance in Italy.The Rise of Humanism.Renaissance Interest in History.Elements of Renaissance Style.The Early Renaissance.Brunelleschi.Michelozzo.Alberti.The High Renaissance.Bramante.Palaces.INSIGHTS: VASARI'S ACCOUNT OF THE FARNESE PALACE.The Late Renaissance and Mannerism.Michelangelo.Romano.Palladio.Vignola.Interior Furnishings.Furniture.Coverings.7. Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe.Elements of Baroque Style.The Baroque in Italy.Rome.Bernini.Borromini.Venice.Longhena.Turin.Guarini.Juvarra.Baroque in Northern Europe.Austria.Switzerland.Germany.Furniture and Other Interior Features.8. Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo in France and Spain.France.Early Renaissance.High Renaissance.Baroque.Versailles.INSIGHTS: LOUIS XIV AND VERSAILLES.Louvre.Baroque Churches.Furniture and Furnishings.Regency to Rococo.Paris H"tells.The Petit Trianon.Regency and Rococo Furniture.Rococo to Neoclassicism.The Empire Style.INSIGHTS: THE EMPIRE STYLE.Provincial Style.Spain.Plateresco.Desornamentado.Churrigueresco.Furniture and Other Interior Features.9. Renaissance to Georgian in The Low Countries and England.Low Countries.Civic Buildings.Private Dwellings.England.Tudor.Elizabethan.Elizabethan Furniture.Jacobean.Jones.Jacobean Interior Furnishings.From Carolean to William and Mary.Wren.Carolean and William and Mary Interior Furnishings.Queen Anne.Queen Anne Furniture.Georgian.Robert and James Adam.INSIGHTS: ROBERT ADAM AND SYON HOUSE.Georgian Town Houses.Other Building Types.Georgian Furniture and Interior Furnishings.10. Colonial and Federal America.Colonial Styles in Latin America.Colonial Styles in North America.Early Colonial Houses.Early Colonial Furniture and Interior Furnishings.Churches and Meeting Houses.American Georgian.American Georgian Houses.American Georgian and Queen Anne Furniture.Late Colonial Public Buildings.Federal Styles.Jefferson.Bulfinch.Thornton and LatrobeFurniture of the Federal Period.Other Furnishings of the Federal Period.11. The Regency, Revivals, and Industrial RevolutionRegency.Nash.Soane.Regency FurnitureRevivals.Greek RevivalGermany.England.United States.Gothic Revival.United States.England.The Industrial Revolution.Early Industrialization and Inventions.Industry and Interiors.Iron and Glass.England: Paxton.INSIGHTS: THE PUBLIC'S PERCEPTION OF CRYSTAL PALACE.France: Labrouste, Baltard, and Eiffel.12. The Victorian Era.The Roots of Victorian Style.Britain.Mansions.Middle-class Houses and Public Buildings.Shaw and the Queen Anne Revival.United States: Victorian Variations.Mansions.Vernacular House Styles.Shingle Style.Adirondack Style.Shaker Design.INSIGHTS: THE SHAKER PHILOSOPHY.Early Skyscrapers.Public Buildings.Furness.Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings.13. The Aesthetic Movements.Britain: Arts and Crafts.Ruskin and the Roots of Arts and Crafts.Morris.Webb.Other British Designers.INSIGHTS: ROSSETTI AND THE AESTHETIC HOUSE.Links to Modernism.Voysey.Mackmurdo.Mackintosh.United States: The Craftsman Movement.Stickley and the Roycrofters.Bradley.Richardson.Greene & Green and Maybeck.Developments in Continental Europe.Germany: Muthesius.The Netherlands: Berlage.14. Art Nouveau and the Vienna Secession.Roots and Characteristics of Art.Nouveau.Belgium.Horta.INSIGHTS: VICTOR HORTA AND ART NOUVEAU.Van de Velde.France.The School of Nancy.Guimard.Other French Designers.Spain.Gaudi.Germany: Jugendstil.Endell.Riemerschmid and Behrens.Scandinavia.Austria: The Vienna Secession.Olbrich.Wagner.INSIGHTS: OTTO WAGNER AND "MODERN ARCHITECTURE".Hoffmann.Loos.United States.Tiffany.Sullivan.15. Eclecticism.The Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris.United States.Key Architects and Designers.Hunt.McKim, Mead, & White.Public Buildings.Early Skyscrapers.The Rise of the Interior Decorator.De Wolfe.Wood.McMillen.Other American Decorators.Eclecticism in Professional Practice.Saarinen and Cranbrook Academy.Stripped Classicism.Eclecticism for the Masses.Houses and Apartments.Furniture and Accessories.Movie Theaters.Europe.Scandinavia.Britain.Lutyens.INSIGHTS: SIR EDWIN LUTYENS AND THE VICEROY'S HOUSE IN NEW DELHI.Ocean Liners.The Spread of Eclecticism.16. The Emergence of Modernism.Frank Lloyd Wright.The Early Commissions.INSIGHTS: THE PHILOSOPHY OF FRANK LLOYD WRIGHTDe Stijl.Mondrian and van Doesburg.Rietveld.Pioneers of the International Style.Gropius and the Bauhaus.Mies van der Rohe.Work of the 1920s and 1930s.INSIGHTS: MIES VAN DER ROHE: THE TUGENDHAT HOUSE.Emigration to the United States.Later Commissions.Le Corbusier.Paris: Developing the Machine Aesthetic.Early Houses, Villas, and Apartments.INSIGHTS: THE PHILOSOPHY OF LE CORBUSIER.Town Planning.Post-War Years.Late Commissions.Aalto.INSIGHTS: THE VISION OF ALVAR AALTO.17. Art Deco and Industrial Design.Art Deco.France.Furniture Designers.Textile Design.Ocean Liners.United States.Designers from Europe.Deco Architecture.Britain.Scandinavia.Industrial Design.Loewy and Other Designers.Design Training.Residential Design.Kitchens and Bathrooms.Lighting.Textiles, Carpets, and Furniture.18. The Spread of Early Modernism in Europe.The Netherlands.Germany and Austria.Italy.Switzerland.France.Scandinavia.England.19. Modernism in America.Architects and Designers.Gill.Wright: 1920s and 1930s.Schindler and Neutra.Lescaze.Goodwin and Stone.Gropius and Breuer.Mies van der Rohe.Johnson.Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill.Eero Saarinen.Interior Decoration: The Reaction to Modernism.Furniture and other Interior Furnishings.Knoll.Herman Miller Furniture Company.20. The Ascendency of Modernism.Italy 328.INSIGHTS: GIO PONTI: PIRELLI TOWER.Scandinavia.France.Germany.The Netherlands.Britain.United States.Urban Office Buildings.Office Planning.Office Furniture.Interior Designers.Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings.Textiles.21. Contemporary Design.Prophets of Future Design.Kahn.Pelli.High-tech.Fuller.INSIGHTS: ROGERS AND PIANO AND THE CENTRE POMPIDOU.Rogers and Piano.Foster.Stirling.INSIGHTS: JAMES STIRLING.Post-modernism.Venturi and Scott Brown.Graves.Johnson.Post-modernism in Europe.The Revival of Tradition.Greenberg.Stern.Late Modernism.Pei.Gwathmey and Meier.Individual Stylists.Starck.Putman.Deconstructivism.Eisenman.Gehry.Other Trends.East-West Crossovers.Preservation.Green Buildings.A New Century.Glossary.Bibliography.Picture Credits.Index.