C++学习路线、入门教程、入门书籍C++是一种功能强大且广泛应用的编程语言,学习C++通常需要遵循一定的路线和使用合适的资源。以下是一些推荐的C++学习路线、入门教程和书籍。
学习路线
基础知识学习:首先,需要掌握计算机科学和编程的基础概念。可以通过阅读书籍、观看视频教程或参加在线课程来学习这些知识。
C++语法掌握:学习C++的基本语法,包括语句结构、
重载MovePlate成员函数以捕捉鼠标事件,使用Point类和按键控制盘子左右移动 重载成员函数以捕捉鼠标事件并使用Point类和按键控制盘子左右移动,涉及到几个关键概念:鼠标事件的捕捉、Point类的使用、以及按键控制的实现。以下是对这些概念的概述和实现方法。
鼠标事件捕捉
在C++中,捕捉鼠标事件通常涉及到监听和响应鼠标的各种动作,比如移动、点击等。在游戏开发中,这可以通过图形库如EasyX实现,但具体实现会依赖于所使用的库
用c++设计一个栈类栈类设计概述
设计一个栈类需要实现基本的栈操作,包括入栈、出栈、查看栈顶元素以及判断栈是否为空。
基本操作
入栈操作**:添加元素到栈顶。
出栈操作**:移除栈顶元素。
查看栈顶**:不移除元素,仅查看栈顶元素。
判断空栈**:检查栈是否为空。
数据结构选择
可以选择数组或链表作为栈的底层数据结构。数
C++ templateC++模板是一种强大的泛型编程工具,允许程序员编写与特定数据类型无关的代码。模板可以定义类(类模板)或函数(函数模板),并能够通过参数化来支持多种数据类型。C++标准库中的STL(Standard Template Library)就是使用模板实现的,提供了容器、迭代器和算法等泛型编程的例子。
模板的使用可以提高代码的复用性和维护性。为了使模板生效,必须通
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
usingnamespace std;
int main()
{
void save(fstream &fp,int v[],int n);
int a[]={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10};
fstream p;
p.open("test",ios::out|ios::binary);
if(!p)
{
cout<<"Can not OpenFile!"<<endl;
return -1;
}
save(p,a,sizeof(a)/sizeof(int));
p.close();
return 0;
}
voidsave(fstream &fp,int v[],int n)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
fp.write((char *)&v[i],sizeof(int));
}您提供的代码是一个C++程序,用于将一个整数数组以二进制形式保存到文件中。下面是对代码的分析和一些可能的改进建议:
文件打开模式:您正确地使用了ios::out | ios::binary模式来打开文件,这确保了文件以二进制形式写入,避免了文本模式下可能发生的字符转换问题。
错误检查:程序在尝试打开文件时进行了错误检查,如
Main.cc: In function ‘int main()’:
Main.cc:7:13: error: no match for ‘operator==’ (operand types are ‘std::__cxx11::string {aka std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>}’ and ‘int’)
if(k==1){
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/iosfwd:40:0,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ios:38,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ostream:38,
from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39,
from Main.cc:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/postypes.h:216:5: note: candidate: template<class _StateT> bool std::operator==(const std::fpos<_StateT>&, const std::fpos<_StateT>&)
operator==(const fpos<_StateT>& __lhs, const fpos<_StateT>& __rhs)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/postypes.h:216:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
Main.cc:7:15: note: ‘std::__cxx11::string {aka std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>}’ is not derived from ‘const std::fpos<_StateT>’
if(k==1){
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_algobase.h:64:0,
from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/char_traits.h:39,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ios:40,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ostream:38,
from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39,
from Main.cc:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_pair.h:214:5: note: candidate: template<class _T1, class _T2> constexpr bool std::operator==(const std::pair<_T1, _T2>&, const std::pair<_T1, _T2>&)
operator==(const pair<_T1, _T2>& __x, const pair<_T1, _T2>& __y)
^
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_pair.h:214:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
Main.cc:7:15: note: ‘std::__cxx11::string {aka std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>}’ is not derived from ‘const std::pair<_T1, _T2>’
if(k==1){
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_algobase.h:67:0,
from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/char_traits.h:39,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ios:40,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ostream:38,
from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39,
from Main.cc:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_iterator.h:292:5: note: candidate: template<class _Iterator> bool std::operator==(const std::reverse_iterator<_Iterator>&, const std::reverse_iterator<_Iterator>&)
operator==(const reverse_iterator<_Iterator>& __x,
^
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_iterator.h:292:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
Main.cc:7:15: note: ‘std::__cxx11::string {aka std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>}’ is not derived from ‘const std::reverse_iterator<_Iterator>’
if(k==1){
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_algobase.h:67:0,
from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/char_traits.h:39,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ios:40,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ostream:38,
from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39,
from Main.cc:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_iterator.h:342:5: note: candidate: template<class _IteratorL, class _IteratorR> bool std::operator==(const std::reverse_iterator<_Iterator>&, const std::reverse_iterator<_IteratorR>&)
operator==(const reverse_iterator<_IteratorL>& __x,
^
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_iterator.h:342:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
Main.cc:7:15: note: ‘std::__cxx11::string {aka std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>}’ is not derived from ‘const std::reverse_iterator<_Iterator>’
if(k==1){
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_algobase.h:67:0,
from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/char_traits.h:39,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ios:40,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ostream:38,
from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39,
from Main.cc:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_iterator.h:1065:5: note: candidate: template<class _IteratorL, class _IteratorR> bool std::operator==(const std::move_iterator<_Iterator>&, const std::move_iterator<_IteratorR>&)
operator==(const move_iterator<_IteratorL>& __x,
^
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_iterator.h:1065:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
Main.cc:7:15: note: ‘std::__cxx11::string {aka std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>}’ is not derived from ‘const std::move_iterator<_Iterator>’
if(k==1){
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_algobase.h:67:0,
from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/char_traits.h:39,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ios:40,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ostream:38,
from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39,
from Main.cc:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_iterator.h:1071:5: note: candidate: template<class _Iterator> bool std::operator==(const std::move_iterator<_Iterator>&, const std::move_iterator<_Iterator>&)
operator==(const move_iterator<_Iterator>& __x,
^
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/stl_iterator.h:1071:5: note: template argument deduction/substitution failed:
Main.cc:7:15: note: ‘std::__cxx11::string {aka std::__cxx11::basic_string<char>}’ is not derived from ‘const std::move_iterator<_Iterator>’
if(k==1){
^
In file included from /usr/include/c++/5/string:41:0,
from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/locale_classes.h:40,
from /usr/include/c++/5/bits/ios_base.h:41,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ios:42,
from /usr/include/c++/5/ostream:38,
from /usr/include/c++/5/iostream:39,
from Main.cc:1:
/usr/include/c++/5/bits/allocator.h:128:5: note: candidat错误信息 "no match for ‘operator==’ (operand types are ‘std::__cxx11::string {aka std::__cxx11::basic_string}’ and ‘int’)" 指出在 C++ 程序中尝试使用 == 运算符来比较一个 std::string 类型的对象和一个 `i
#include <iostream.h>
#include <fstream.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<ctype.h>
const long stakmaxsize=6000;
int flag;
const char keyword[][20]={{'i','n','t'},{'v','o','i','d'},{'i','f'},
{'c','h','a','r'},{'b','o','o','l'},{'b','r','e','a','k'},{'c','a','s','e'},
{'c','a','t','c','h'},{'c','o','n','s','t'},{'f','o','r'},{'e','l','s','e'},
{'c','o','n','t','i','n','u','e'},{'c','l','a','s','s'},{'w','h','i','l','e'},
{'d','o'},{'g','o','t','o'},{'f','l','o','a','t'},{'d','o','u','b','l','e'},
{'l','o','n','g'},{'s','w','i','t','c','h'},{'f','r','i','e','n','d'},{'s','t','a','t','i','c'},
{'p','u','b','l','i','c'},{'p','r','i','v','a','t','e'},{'p','r','o','t','e','c','t','e','d'},
{'r','e','t','u','r','n'},{'i','n','l','i','n','e'},{'t','r','y'},{'s','t','r','u','c','t'}};
char Ischeck[]={' ','\n','+','-','*','(',')','{','}',
';','=','\"',',','&','[',']','!',':','<','>','\'','/'};
bool isCheck(const char& ch)
{
for(int i=0;i<27;i++)
if(ch==Ischeck[i]) return true;
return false;
}
struct stack
{
char stak[stakmaxsize];
int top;};
void initstak(stack& s)
{s.top=-1;}
void clearstak(stack& s)
{s.top=-1;}
void push(stack& s,const char& item)
{if(s.top==stakmaxsize-1)
{
cerr<<"溢出"<<endl;
exit(1);}
s.top++;
s.stak[s.top]=item;
}
bool isKeyword(stack& s)
{
for(int i=0;i<29;i++)
if(!strcmp(s.stak,keyword[i]))
return true;
return false;
}
void printout(stack& s)
{
if(isKeyword(s))
cout<<"关键字:"<<s.stak<<endl;
else
cout<<"标识符:"<<s.stak<<endl;
}
void digitpush(stack& s,const char& item)
{
if(s.top==stakmaxsize-1)
{cerr<<"溢出"<<endl;
exit(1);}
s.top++;
s.stak[s.top]=item;
}
void Getchar(FILE *fp,char& ch)
{
ch=fgetc(fp);
if(ch=='\n')
flag++;
}
void digitprint(stack& s)
{cout<<"数:"<<s.stak<<endl;}
void check(char *fname)
{ FILE *fp;
bool watch=false,checked=true;
flag=1;
if((fp=fopen(fname,"r"))==NULL)
{cerr<<"文件"<<"\'"<<fname<<"\'"<<"找不到"<<endl;
getchar();
exit(1);}
stack a;
initstak(a);
char ch;
Getchar(fp,ch);
while(!feof(fp))
{if(ch==' '||ch=='\n')
{Getchar(fp,ch);
checked=true;
continue;}
else
if(checked && (isalpha(ch)||ch=='_'))//判断是否为字母,是字母返回1,否则返回0,checked查看上次有没有输入错误。
{
while(isalnum(ch)||ch=='_')//判断是否是字母和数字的组成,是返回1,否则返回0
{ if(isCheck(ch))
break;
push(a,ch);
Getchar(fp,ch);
if(feof(fp))
{push(a,'\0');
printout(a);
fclose(fp);
getchar();
exit(0);
}
}
if(isCheck(ch))
{
push(a,'\0');
printout(a);
clearstak(a);
}
else
{
cout<<"错误位置"<<flag<<endl;
checked=false;
clearstak(a);
continue;
}
}
else
if(isdigit(ch) && checked)//判断是否为数字。是返回1,否则返回0,checked表示检查上次输入有没有错误
{
while(isdigit(ch)||ch=='.')
{if(ch=='.')
watch=true;
if(isCheck(ch))
break;
digitpush(a,ch);
Getchar(fp,ch);
if(feof(fp))
{digitprint(a);
fclose(fp);
getchar();
exit(0);}
}
if(isCheck(ch))
{
if(watch)
{
cout<<"";
watch=false;
digitpush(a,'\0');
digitprint(a);
clearstak(a);
}
else
{
cout<<"整形";
digitpush(a,'\0');
digitprint(a);
clearstak(a);
}
}
else
{
cout<<"错误位置"<<flag<<endl;
checked=false;
clearstak(a);
continue;
}
}
else if(checked)
{
switch(ch)
{
case'=': Getchar(fp,ch);
if(ch=='=')
{
cout<<"算符 "<<"=="<<endl;
Getchar(fp,ch);
checked=true; break;}
else
{
cout<<"算符 "<<"="<<endl;
checked=true;break;}
case'+': Getchar(fp,ch);
if(ch=='=')
{cout<<"算符 "<<"+="<<endl;
Getchar(fp,ch);
checked=true;break;}
else
if(ch=='+')
{cout<<"算符 "<<"++"<<endl;
Getchar(fp,ch);checked=true;break;}
else
{cout<<"算符 "<<"+"<<endl;
checked=true;break;}
case'*': Getchar(fp,ch);
if(ch=='=')
{cout<<"算符 "<<"*="<<endl;
Getchar(fp,ch);checked=true;break;}
else
{cout<<"算符 "<<"*"<<endl;
checked=true;break;}
case'/': cout<<"算符:"<<"/"<<endl;
Getchar(fp,ch);checked=true;break;
case'-': Getchar(fp,ch);
if(ch=='=')
{cout<<"算符 "<<"-="<<endl;
Getchar(fp,ch);checked=true;break;}
else
if(ch=='-')
{cout<<"算符 "<<"--"<<endl;
Getchar(fp,ch);
checked=true;break;}
else
{cout<<"算符 "<<"-"<<endl;
checked=true;break;}
case'!': Getchar(fp,ch);
if(ch=='=')
{cout<<"算符 "<<"!="<<endl;
Getchar(fp,ch);checked=true;break;}
else
{cout<<"算符 "<<"!"<<endl;
checked=true;break根据您提供的代码片段,这是一个用C++编写的词法分析器,用于分析C语言源代码中的词法单元。词法分析是编译过程中的一个重要阶段,它将源代码分解成一个个的词法单元,如关键字、标识符、运算符和界定符等。
代码中定义了一个stack结构体,用于存储词法单元。initstak和clearstak函数用于初始化和清空栈。push函数用于将字符压入栈中,
ubuntu C++使用Protocol Buffers示例在Ubuntu系统中使用C++和Protocol Buffers,你可以遵循以下步骤来创建和使用一个简单的地址簿应用程序。这个示例将展示如何定义Protocol Buffers格式,如何使用Protocol Buffer编译器,以及如何使用C++ API来读写数据。
安装Protocol Buffers
首先,你需要在Ubuntu系统上安装Pro
c++知识点整理C++是一种高级编程语言,广泛应用于系统软件、游戏开发、嵌入式系统等领域。以下是一些C++的重要知识点整理:
计算机基础
内存类型**:C++内存分为堆、栈、程序代码区、全局/静态存储区和常量存储区。C++特有的自由存储区通过new和delete进行分配和释放。
堆与栈的区别**:堆用于动态分配的对象,生存期由程序控制;栈用
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int j;
char a[103];/*//原输入
,b[100]//无空格
,c[100]//纯字母
,d[100]//去重后排序
;*///一直改都超限就去掉一些不必要的数组
while(gets(a))
{
j=0;
for(int i=0;i<strlen(a);i++)
{
if(a[i]!=' ')
{
printf("%c",a[i]);
}
if(a[i]>='a'&&a[i]<='z')
{
j++;
printf(" ");
}
if(a[i]!=' '&&(a[i]<97||a[i]>122)&&!(a[i]=='-'&&a[i+1]=='>')&&!(a[i]=='<'&&a[i+1]=='-'&&a[i+2]=='>')&&!(a[i-1]=='<'&&a[i]=='-'&&a[i+1]=='>')&&!(a[i]=='|'&&a[i+1]=='|')&&!(a[i-2]=='<'&&a[i]=='-'&&a[i+1]=='>'))
{//最后一个条件自己做的时候没有想到,到网上查才发现< ->的情况;
printf(" ");
}
}
printf("\n");
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////去重
for(int i=0;i<strlen(a);i++)
{
for(int k=0;k<strlen(a);k++)
{
if(i!=k&&a[i]==a[k]&&a[i]<='z'&&a[i]>='a')
{
a[i]=' ';
j--;
}
}
}
///////////////////////////////////////////////冒泡排序
for(int i = 0;i <strlen(a);i++) //采用双重循环
{
for(int k = 0;k <strlen(a);k++)
{
if(a[i] > a[k]&&i<k&&a[i]<='z'&&a[i]>='a'&&a[k]<='z'&&a[k]>='a')
{
char temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[k];
a[k]=temp;
}
}
} for(int k=0;k<strlen(a);k++)
if(a[k]<='z'&&a[k]>='a')
printf("%c ",a[k]);
printf("\n");
// cout<<j<<endl;
//////////////////////////////////////////////真值部分
for(int i=1;i<=pow(2,j);i++)
{
int e=pow(2,j);
int f=j-1;
int g=(i-1)%e;
if(i==pow(2,j)+1)
g=pow(2,j);
for(int k=0;k<strlen(a);k++){
if(a[k]<='z'&&a[k]>='a')
{
int h=pow(2,f);
if(h==1)
{
int l=i/h;
if((l%2==0))
printf("0 ");
else
printf("1 ");
} else //if(h!=0)
{ int l=g/h;
if((l%2==0))
printf("1 ");
else
printf("0 ");
}
f--;
}
} printf("\n");
}
}
return 0;
}
时间复杂度和空间复杂度在分析这段代码的时间复杂度和空间复杂度之前,我们先来理解代码的主要功能。代码的主要目的是处理输入的字符串,包括去除空格、字母去重、排序以及生成真值表。
空间复杂度分析
字符数组:char a[103], char b[100], char c[100], char d[100]。这些数组的大小是固定的,因此它们对空间
计算gray1矩阵中所有像素值的总和c++在C++中,使用OpenCV库可以方便地计算矩阵中所有像素值的总和。以下是计算gray1矩阵中所有像素值总和的一种方法:
首先,确保你已经包含了OpenCV的头文件,并且已经初始化了gray1矩阵。
使用cv::reduce函数可以计算矩阵中所有行(或列)的总和。如果你的gray1是一个单通道灰度图像,你可以使用以下代码片段来